Everything You Need to Know About Coffee Varietals

When it comes to the world of coffee, the term “coffee varietals” is often mentioned but not always fully understood. If you're a coffee enthusiast or a professional roaster, understanding coffee varietals is essential for appreciating the vast array of flavors and characteristics that coffee can offer.

Let’s start with what coffee varietals are, why they matter, and how they affect the taste of your coffee…

What Are Coffee Varietals?

Simply put, coffee varietals refer to the different types or subtypes of the coffee plant species Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (commonly known as robusta).

Varietals are essentially different cultivars or types of coffee plants that vary based on their genetic characteristics, geographic location, and environmental factors. These differences lead to unique flavor profiles, making coffee tasting an exciting journey for both consumers and professionals alike.

The Importance of Coffee Varietals

Why do coffee varietals matter? The answer lies in the distinct flavor profiles and aromas that each varietal imparts to the coffee. Just like how different grape varietals influence the taste of wine, coffee varietals have a profound impact on the flavor, acidity, body, and aroma of the coffee.

Each varietal is affected by the region in which it's grown, the altitude, and the specific climate conditions, all of which contribute to its unique taste. For instance, coffees from Ethiopia, home to the original coffee plant, are often known for their fruity and floral notes, while coffees from Colombia might have a sweeter, nutty flavor profile with a smooth body.

Common Coffee Varietals:

Several coffee varietals have gained recognition for their distinct characteristics and are grown in specific regions around the world. Below are some of the most popular coffee varietals:

1. Typica

The Typica varietal is the foundation of many other coffee varietals and is grown across Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Typica coffee tends to have a balanced flavor profile with medium acidity and sweetness, making it a versatile base for many coffee blends.

2. Bourbon

Originating from the island of Réunion (formerly Bourbon Island), Bourbon is known for its sweet, complex flavor profile. It is commonly grown in Latin America, particularly in Colombia, Brazil, and Guatemala. Bourbon coffees tend to have a bright acidity and rich body, with flavor notes ranging from chocolate to fruit.

3. Geisha (Gesha)

Geisha, sometimes spelled Gesha, is a rare and highly sought-after varietal known for its vibrant and unique flavor profile. Originating from Ethiopia, Geisha coffee is often described as having a floral, fruity, and tea-like quality. Geisha is typically grown at high altitudes in areas like Panama and Costa Rica, where the cooler climate allows for the development of its distinctive flavors.

4. Caturra

A natural mutation of Bourbon discovered in Brazil, Caturra is a popular varietal in Brazil, Colombia, and other coffee-growing regions. Caturra is prized for its strong acidity, medium body, and rich flavors, often with hints of citrus and chocolate.

5. SL28 & SL34

These SL varietals are prized for their fruity and floral notes, and they are often associated with high-quality Kenyan coffees. SL28 is known for its sweet, berry-like flavors, while SL34 tends to have a more balanced profile with hints of blackcurrant and tropical fruits. Both varietals thrive in Kenya’s high-altitude growing regions.

6. Pacamara

Pacamara is a hybrid varietal created by crossing Pacas (a mutation of Bourbon) and Maragogipe (a variety of Typica). Known for its large bean size and bright acidity, Pacamara is often grown in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras. It offers a fruity and floral flavor profile with a syrupy body.

How Coffee Varietals Affect Flavor

The flavors you experience in a cup of coffee are influenced by the varietal, along with the region it’s grown in, the processing method, and how the beans are roasted. For example, the highland regions of Ethiopia are known for producing coffee with fruity and floral notes, especially in Geisha and Yirgacheffe varietals. Meanwhile, coffee from origins like Brazil and Colombia often has a nutty and chocolaty flavor profile, thanks to varietals like Bourbon and Caturra.

The altitude at which the coffee is grown also plays a role. Coffees grown at higher altitudes tend to have bright acidity and more complex flavor profiles, while lower-altitude coffees may have a fuller body and a more mellow flavor.

How to Choose the Right Coffee Varietal

Choosing the right coffee varietal ultimately comes down to personal preference and what you're looking for in a cup of coffee. Some tips to help you decide include:

• Flavor Preferences: If you enjoy fruity and floral notes, consider trying a Geisha or SL28. For chocolate and nutty flavors, Bourbon or Caturra might be a better choice.

• Acidity: High-acid varietals like SL28 and Geisha are ideal for those who prefer a bright, lively cup, while lower-acid coffees like Bourbon or Pacamara may offer a smoother, richer taste.

• Roasting Style: Lighter roasts highlight the unique flavors of the varietal, while darker roasts can bring out more of the chocolatey, caramelized characteristics.

Final Thoughts

Understanding coffee varietals is key to appreciating the wide range of flavors that coffee has to offer. From the sweet, complex notes of Bourbon to the vibrant, floral qualities of Geisha, the varietal you choose will have a significant impact on your coffee experience. As a coffee enthusiast, roaster, or business owner, experimenting with different varietals will allow you to explore the diverse world of coffee and discover the flavors that best suit your palate.

Ready to explore the world of coffee varietals? Whether you're a seasoned coffee professional or just starting your journey, the world of coffee always has new experiences waiting for you to discover.